Dried fruits and nuts, as one of the most significant non-oil agricultural commodities, play a pivotal role in the export development and foreign exchange earnings of both Iran and Afghanistan. This research was conducted with the aim of modeling synergy within the export value chain of these products and elucidating the potential for strategic cooperation between the two nations. Given that prior studies have predominantly focused on individual products, national supply chains, or trade barriers, a research gap existed regarding the examination of joint value chains and cross-border synergy between Iran and Afghanistan. This study adopted an interpretive, applied, and qualitative approach, utilizing thematic analysis. Data were gathered through semi-structured interviews with 18 experts, including traders, managers, and academic specialists from both countries, and analyzed until theoretical saturation was reached. The findings demonstrate that synergy within this chain is based on four main pillars: drivers of synergy, challenges and barriers, sustainability and circularity strategies, and the outcomes of cooperation. The results indicate that the complementarity of Afghanistan’s production capacities and Iran’s capabilities in processing, packaging, logistics, and marketing could facilitate a transition from the export of raw materials to higher value-added products. Conversely, logistical, customs, banking, and institutional obstacles remain the most critical challenges facing this partnership. Accordingly, fostering joint ventures, standardization, waste reduction, the implementation of circular economy principles, and co-investment in the value chain can significantly enhance the competitiveness, sustainability, and resilience of the dried fruit and nut export sector